Wow I started to hate my laptop. Often I was unable to watch videos or it was so slow that I didn't want to continue. Yesterday, finally, I found what caused those problems:

I noticed that for some time when booting a message appeared saying
FATAL: Error inserting acpi_cpufreq (.../acpi-cpufreq): No Such Device

This was the culprit, no cpu frequency scaling, it seems my cores have been running on 800 Mhz for a few months. Somehow "CPU frequency scaling" was disabled in my BIOS (perhaps after change of the motherboard by a technician from Dell). Re-enabling that setting solved the issue for me.